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NumPy/SciPy Cheat Sheet

This cheat sheet is a quick reference for NumPy / SciPy beginners and gives an overview about the most important commands and functions of NumPy and SciPy that you might need on solving the exercise sheets about Linear Algebra in Information Retrieval. It doesn't claim to be complete and will be extended continuously. If you think that some important thing is missing or if you find any errors, please let us know.

Contents

NumPy/SciPy Cheat Sheet

General

What is NumPy?

A library that allows to work with arrays and matrices in Python.

What is SciPy?

Another library built upon NumPy that provides advanced Linear Algebra stuff.

Install

The routine to install NumPy and SciPy depends on your operating system.

Linux (Ubuntu, Debian)

apt-get install python3-numpy python3-scipy

Other systems (Windows, Mac, etc.)

For all other systems (Windows, Mac, etc.) see the instructions given on the offical SciPy website.

Matrix construction

We distinguish between dense matrices and sparse matrices (Note: The color code will be used conistently throughout this cheat sheet).

Dense matrices store every entry in the matrix, while sparse matrices only store the non-zero entries (together with their row and column index). Dense matrices are more feature-rich, but may consume more memory space than sparse matrices (in particular if most of the entries in a matrix are zero).

Dense matrices

In NumPy, there are two concepts of dense matrices: matrices and arrays. Matrices are strictly 2-dimensional, while arrays are n-dimensional (the term array is a bit misleading here).

Construct a matrix:

Dense

numpy.matrix(arg, dtype=None)  Reference

arg:
   The data to construct the matrix from, given as
     (1) a standard Python array; or
     (2) a string with columns separated by commas or spaces and rows separated by semicolons.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix (e.g., 'integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


Examples:

>>> numpy.matrix("1 2; 3 4")
[[1 2]
 [3 4]]

>>> numpy.matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float')
[[1.0 2.0]
 [3.0 4.0]]

Construct an array:

Dense

numpy.array(arg, dtype=None, ndmin=0)  Reference

arg:
   The data to construct the matrix from, given as:
      (1) a standard array; or
      (2) a function that returns an array.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).
ndmin (int, optional):
   The minimum number of dimensions that the array should have.


Examples:

>>> numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
[[1 2]
 [3 4]]

>>> numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float')
[[1.0 2.0]
 [3.0 4.0]]

>>> numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], ndmin=3)
[[[1 2]
  [3 4]]]

Sparse matrices

There are two principle concepts of sparse matrices:

Compressed Sparse Row matrix (CSR matrix): entries are stored row by row (sorted by row index first)
Compressed Sparse Column matrix (CSC matrix): entries are stored column by column (sorted by column index first)

Construct a CSR/CSC matrix:

Sparse

scipy.sparse.csr_matrix(arg, shape=None, dtype=None)  Reference
scipy.sparse.csc_matrix(arg, shape=None, dtype=None)  Reference

arg:
   The data to create the CSR matrix from, given as 
     * a dense matrix; or
     * another sparse matrix; or
     * a tuple (m, n), to construct an empty matrix with shape (n, m); or
     * a tuple (data, (rows, cols), to construct a matrix A where A[rows[k], cols[k]] = data[k]; or
     * a tuple (data, indices, indptr)
shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the matrix to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


Examples:

>>> scipy.sparse.csr_matrix([[1, 2, 3], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 3]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 0 1]
 [0 1 3]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.csc_matrix([[1, 2, 3], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 3]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 0 1]
 [0 1 3]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> values = [1, 2, 3]
>>> rows   = [0, 0, 1]
>>> cols   = [0, 1, 3]
>>> scipy.sparse.csr_matrix((values, (rows, columns)), shape=[5, 5], dtype=int)
[[1 2 0 0]
 [0 0 0 3]
 [0 0 0 0]
 [0 0 0 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> values = [1, 2, 3]
>>> rows   = [0, 0, 1]
>>> cols   = [0, 1, 3]
>>> scipy.sparse.csc_matrix((values, (rows, columns)), shape=[5, 5], dtype=int)
[[1 2 0 0]
 [0 0 0 3]
 [0 0 0 0]
 [0 0 0 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

Special matrices

There are some utility functions to create special matrices/arrays:

(1) Construct an empty array, without initializing the entries (an array with random entries):

Dense

numpy.empty(shape, dtype=float)  Reference

shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


Examples:

>>> numpy.empty(3)
[6.95052181e-310 1.74512682e-316 1.58101007e-322]

>>> numpy.empty([3, 2], dtype='int')
[[140045355821992 140045355821992]
 [140045136216840 140045136244784]
 [140045125643544 140045153116544]]

(2) Construct an array filled with zeros:

Dense

numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float)  Reference

shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


Examples

>>> numpy.zeros(3)
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0]

>>> numpy.zeros([3, 2], dtype='int')
[[0 0]
 [0 0]
 [0 0]]

(3) Construct an array filled with ones:

Dense

numpy.ones(shape, dtype=float)  Reference

shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


Examples:

>>> numpy.ones(3)
[1.0, 1.0, 1.0]

>>> numpy.ones([3, 2], dtype='int')
[[1 1]
 [1 1]
 [1 1]]

(4) Construct a diagonal array, a (usually square) array in which all entries are 0, except on the main diagonal:

Dense

numpy.diag(arg, k=0)  Reference

arg (1-dim array):
   The entries of the diagonal.
k (int, optional):
   The diagonal in question. Use k > 0 for diagonals above the main diagonal, and k < 0 for diagonals below the main diagonal. 


Examples:

>>> numpy.diag([1, 2, 3])
[[1 0 0]
 [0 2 0]
 [0 0 3]]

>>> numpy.diag([1, 2, 3], k=1)
[[0 1 0 0]
 [0 0 2 0]
 [0 0 0 3]
 [0 0 0 0]]

>>> numpy.diag([1, 2, 3], k=-1)
[[0 0 0 0]
 [1 0 0 0]
 [0 2 0 0]
 [0 0 3 0]]

Sparse

scipy.sparse.diags(diagonals, offsets=0, dtype=None)  Reference

diagonals (sequence of arrays):
   The entries of the matrix diagonals.
offsets (sequence of ints or int, optional):
   The diagonals in question. k = 0 is the main diagonal; k > 0 is the k-th upper diagonal; k < 0 is the k-th lower diagonal
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


Examples:

>>> scipy.sparse.diags([1, 2, 3])
[[1.0 0.0 0.0]
 [0.0 2.0 0.0]
 [0.0 0.0 3.0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.diags([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], offsets=[0, 1])
[[1.0 4.0 0.0]
 [0.0 2.0 5.0]
 [0.0 0.0 3.0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

(5) Construct an identity array, a square array in which all entries on the main diagonal are 1 and all other entries are 0:

Dense

numpy.identity(n, dtype=float)  Reference

n (int):
   The dimension of the array to create (the output is a n x n array).
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


Examples:

>>> numpy.identity(3)
[[1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]

>>> numpy.identity(3, dtype=int)
[[1, 0, 0]
 [0, 1, 0]
 [0, 0, 1]]

Sparse

scipy.sparse.identity(n, dtype=float, format="csr")  Reference

n (int):
   The dimension of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).
format (str, optional)
   The sparse format of the array, e.g. "csr" or "csc".


Examples:

>>> scipy.sparse.identity(3)
[[1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.identity(3, dtype=int)
[[1, 0, 0]
 [0, 1, 0]
 [0, 0, 1]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

(6) Construct an triangular array, a square array in which all entries below (upper triangle) or above (lower triangle) the main diagonal are zero:

Dense

numpy.triu(arg, k=0)  # Zero entries in the upper triangle of an array.  Reference
numpy.tril(arg, k=0)  # Zero entries in the lower triangle of an array.  Reference

arg (array):
   The original array.
k (int, optional):
   Diagonal above which to zero entries. k = 0 is the main diagonal, k < 0 is below it and k > 0 is above.


Examples:

>>> numpy.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 5 6]
 [0 0 9]]

>>> numpy.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=1)
[[0 2 3]
 [0 0 6]
 [0 0 0]]

>>> numpy.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 0 0]
 [4 5 0]
 [7 8 9]]

>>> numpy.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=-1)
[[0 0 0]
 [4 0 0]
 [7 8 0]]

Sparse

scipy.sparse.triu(arg, k=0, format="csr")  # Zero entries in the upper triangle of an array.  Reference
scipy.sparse.tril(arg, k=0, format="csr")  # Zero entries in the lower triangle of an array.  Reference

arg (array):
   The original array.
k (int, optional):
   Diagonal above which to zero entries. k = 0 is the main diagonal, k < 0 is below it and k > 0 is above.
format (str, optional)
   The sparse format of the array, e.g. "csr" or "csc".


Examples:

>>> scipy.sparse.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 5 6]
 [0 0 9]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=1)
[[0 2 3]
 [0 0 6]
 [0 0 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 0 0]
 [4 5 0]
 [7 8 9]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=-1)
[[0 0 0]
 [4 0 0]
 [7 8 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

Accessing elements

TODO: crazy element access magic, single elements, entire rows, sub-matrices

Matrix operations

Adding a constant

The addition of a constant adds the constant to every element of a matrix (only available for dense matrices).

Dense

numpy.tril(arg, k=0)  # Zero entries in the lower triangle of an array.  Reference
A + c

A (matrix or array):
   The matrix/array.
c (constant):
   The constant.

Examples:

>>> A = np.matrix([[2, 1], [3, 5]], dtype=float)
>>> A + 4
[[6 5]
 [7 9]]

Multiplying by a constant

Multiplying by a constant multiplies every element of a matrix by that constant (both for sparse and dense matrices).

Dense

A * c

A (matrix or array):
   The matrix/array.
c (constant):
   The constant.

Examples:

>>> A = np.matrix([[2, 1], [3, 5]], dtype=float)
>>> A * 4
[[8 4]
 [12 20]]

Sparse

A * c

A (sparse matrix):
   The matrix.
c (constant):
   The constant.

Examples:

>>> A = csr_matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1], [3, 2]], dtype=float)
>>> A * 4
[[4 0]
 [0 4]
 [12 8]] # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

Multiplying two matrices

There are two options on multiplying two matrices: the * operator and the dot() function. The behavior and result of both options differ depending on the type of the used matrices (resp. arrays):

(1) The * operator computes

the normal matrix multiplication when sparse and/or dense matrices are used.
the element-wise matrix multiplication when dense arrays are used.

(2) The dot() function computes

the normal matrix multiplication when a dense matrix is multiplied with a dense matrix or a sparse matrix is multiplied with a sparse matrix or a dense matrix;
bullshit when a dense matrix is multiplied with a sparse matrix.

The result of a matrix multiplication between

a sparse matrix and a sparse matrix is a sparse matrix.
a sparse matrix and a dense matrix is a dense matrix.
a dense matrix and a dense matrix is a dense matrix.

A * B
A.dot(B)   Reference

A (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The first matrix/array.
B (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The second matrix/array.


Examples:

>>> A = numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> M1_sparse = csr_matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1], [3, 2]], dtype=float)
>>> M1_dense = A_sparse.todense()
>>> M2_dense = numpy.matrix([[2, 1], [3, 4]], dtype=float)
>>> M2_sparse = csr_matrix(B_dense)


## Dense array with dense array.
>>> A * A  # no normal, but element-wise matrix multiplication.
[[ 1  4]
 [ 9 16]]

>>> A.dot(A)  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[ 7 10]
 [15 22]]


## Dense matrix with dense matrix.
>>> M1_dense * M2_dense  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a dense matrix

>>> M1_dense.dot(M2_dense)  # same as M1_dense * M2_dense
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a dense matrix


## Sparse matrix with sparse matrix.
>>> X = M1_sparse * M2_sparse  # normal matrix multiplication.
>>> X.todense()  
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a sparse matrix.

>>> X = M1_sparse.dot(M2_sparse)  # same as M1_sparse * M2_sparse
>>> X.todense()  
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a sparse matrix.


## Sparse matrix with dense matrix.
>>> M1_sparse * M2_dense  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a dense matrix.

>>> M1_sparse.dot(M2_dense)  #  same as M1_sparse * M2_dense
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a dense matrix.


## Dense matrix with sparse matrix.
>>> M1_dense * M2_sparse  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a dense matrix.

>>> M1_dense.dot(M2_sparse)  # computes M1_dense.dot(np.array(M2_sparse)) 
matrix([[ <2x2 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.float64'>'
        with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>,
         <2x2 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.float64'>'
        with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>],
        [ <2x2 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.float64'>'
        with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>,
         <2x2 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.float64'>'
        with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>],
        [ <2x2 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.float64'>'
        with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>,
         <2x2 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.float64'>'
        with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>]], dtype=object)

Useful methods

numpy.round()

Takes an array or matrix and rounds its values to the given number of decimals. Note that for values exactly halfway between rounded decimal values, numpy rounds to the nearest even value.

numpy.round(A, decimals)  Reference

A (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The matrix/array.
decimal (int, optional):
   Number of decimal places to round to (default: 0).


Examples:

>>> A_dense = np.array([[1.11, 2.22, 3.33], [4.44, 5.55, 6.66]])
>>> A_sparse = scipy.sparse.csr_matrix(A_dense)

>>> np.round(A_dense)
[[1. 2. 3.]
 [4. 6. 7.]]

>>> np.round(A_dense, 1)
[[1.1 2.2 3.3]
 [4.4 5.6 6.7]]

>>> np.round(A_sparse, 1)
(0, 0)  1.1
(0, 1)  2.2
(0, 2)  3.3
(1, 0)  4.4
(1, 1)  5.6
(1, 2)  6.7

numpy.min()

Takes an array and returns its minimum value. If an axis is specified, returns the minima along the axis.

numpy.min(A, axis)  Reference

A (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The matrix/array.
axis (int or tuple of ints, optional):
   Axis or axes along which to operate. By default, flattened input is used.


Examples:

>>> A_dense = np.array([[5, 0, 1], [4, 3, 2]])
>>> A_sparse = scipy.sparse.csr_matrix(A_dense)

>>> np.min(A_dense)
0

>>> np.min(A_dense, axis=0)
[4, 0, 1]

>>> np.min(A_dense, axis=1)
[0, 2]

>>> np.min(A_sparse, axis=1)
(1, 0)  2

-  ⇤ ← Revision 3 as of 2017-01-13 17:54:16 → 
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+   ← Revision 161 as of 2018-12-12 11:22:06 → ⇥
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-#acl Patrick Brosi:read,write Björn Buchhold:read,write Claudius Korzen:read,write Axel Lehmann:read,write Raghu Rajan: read,write Johanna Goetz:read,write Natalie Prange:read,write Hannah Bast:read,write All:read

= numpy cheat sheet =
+#acl All:read

= NumPy/SciPy Cheat Sheet =

This cheat sheet is a quick reference for !NumPy / !SciPy beginners and gives an overview about the most important commands and functions of !NumPy and !SciPy that you might need on solving the exercise sheets about Linear Algebra in Information Retrieval. It doesn't claim to be complete and will be extended continuously. If you think that some important thing is missing or if you find any errors, please let us know.

<<TableOfContents()>>
-Line 7:
+Line 11:
+=== What is NumPy? ===
A library that allows to work with arrays and matrices in Python.

=== What is SciPy? ===
Another library built upon !NumPy that provides advanced Linear Algebra stuff.

== Install ==
The routine to install !NumPy and !SciPy depends on your operating system.

=== Linux (Ubuntu, Debian) ===

{{{ 
apt-get install python3-numpy python3-scipy
}}}

=== Other systems (Windows, Mac, etc.) ===

For all other systems (Windows, Mac, etc.) see the instructions given on the offical [[https://scipy.org/install.html|SciPy website]].

------
-Line 9:
+Line 34:
-TODO (Hannah): for dense matrices (matrix vs. array) as well as sparse matrices (csr_matrix((data, indices, indptr))
+{{{#!html 
We distinguish between <span style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #E5E5FF; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; padding: 2pt;">dense matrices</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #E5FFE5; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; padding: 2pt;">sparse matrices</span> (Note: The color code will be used conistently throughout this cheat sheet).
}}} 

Dense matrices store every entry in the matrix, while sparse matrices only store the non-zero entries (together with their row and column index). Dense matrices are more feature-rich, but may consume more memory space than sparse matrices (in particular if most of the entries in a matrix are zero).

=== Dense matrices ===
In !NumPy, there are two concepts of dense matrices: '''matrices''' and '''arrays'''. Matrices are strictly 2-dimensional, while arrays are n-dimensional (the term ''array'' is a bit misleading here).

Construct a matrix:
{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.matrix(arg, dtype=None)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.matrix.html" class="https">Reference</a>

arg:
   The data to construct the matrix from, given as
     (1) a standard Python array; or
     (2) a string with columns separated by commas or spaces and rows separated by semicolons.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix (e.g., 'integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> numpy.matrix("1 2; 3 4")
[[1 2]
 [3 4]]

>>> numpy.matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float')
[[1.0 2.0]
 [3.0 4.0]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

Construct an array:
{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.array(arg, dtype=None, ndmin=0)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.array.html" class="https">Reference</a>

arg:
   The data to construct the matrix from, given as:
      (1) a standard array; or
      (2) a function that returns an array.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).
ndmin (int, optional):
   The minimum number of dimensions that the array should have.


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
[[1 2]
 [3 4]]

>>> numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float')
[[1.0 2.0]
 [3.0 4.0]]

>>> numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], ndmin=3)
[[[1 2]
  [3 4]]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

=== Sparse matrices ===

There are two principle concepts of sparse matrices: 
 * ''Compressed Sparse Row'' matrix (CSR matrix): entries are stored row by row (sorted by row index first)
 * ''Compressed Sparse Column'' matrix (CSC matrix): entries are stored column by column (sorted by column index first)

Construct a CSR/CSC matrix:
{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5FFE5; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #009900; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Sparse</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5FFE5; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">scipy.sparse.csr_matrix(arg, shape=None, dtype=None)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.csr_matrix.html" class="https">Reference</a>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">scipy.sparse.csc_matrix(arg, shape=None, dtype=None)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.csc_matrix.html" class="https">Reference</a>

arg:
   The data to create the CSR matrix from, given as 
     * a dense matrix; or
     * another sparse matrix; or
     * a tuple (m, n), to construct an empty matrix with shape (n, m); or
     * a tuple (data, (rows, cols), to construct a matrix A where A[rows[k], cols[k]] = data[k]; or
     * a tuple (data, indices, indptr)
shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the matrix to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> scipy.sparse.csr_matrix([[1, 2, 3], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 3]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 0 1]
 [0 1 3]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.csc_matrix([[1, 2, 3], [0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 3]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 0 1]
 [0 1 3]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> values = [1, 2, 3]
>>> rows   = [0, 0, 1]
>>> cols   = [0, 1, 3]
>>> scipy.sparse.csr_matrix((values, (rows, columns)), shape=[5, 5], dtype=int)
[[1 2 0 0]
 [0 0 0 3]
 [0 0 0 0]
 [0 0 0 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> values = [1, 2, 3]
>>> rows   = [0, 0, 1]
>>> cols   = [0, 1, 3]
>>> scipy.sparse.csc_matrix((values, (rows, columns)), shape=[5, 5], dtype=int)
[[1 2 0 0]
 [0 0 0 3]
 [0 0 0 0]
 [0 0 0 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).
</pre>
</div>
}}}

=== Special matrices ===

There are some utility functions to create special matrices/arrays:

(1) Construct an '''empty array''', without initializing the entries (an array with random entries):
{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.empty(shape, dtype=float)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.empty.html" class="https">Reference</a>

shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> numpy.empty(3)
[6.95052181e-310 1.74512682e-316 1.58101007e-322]

>>> numpy.empty([3, 2], dtype='int')
[[140045355821992 140045355821992]
 [140045136216840 140045136244784]
 [140045125643544 140045153116544]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

(2) Construct an '''array filled with zeros''':
{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.zeros.html" class="https">Reference</a>

shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples</span>

>>> numpy.zeros(3)
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0]

>>> numpy.zeros([3, 2], dtype='int')
[[0 0]
 [0 0]
 [0 0]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

(3) Construct an '''array filled with ones''':
{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.ones(shape, dtype=float)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.ones.html" class="https">Reference</a>

shape (int or sequence of ints):
   The dimensions of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> numpy.ones(3)
[1.0, 1.0, 1.0]

>>> numpy.ones([3, 2], dtype='int')
[[1 1]
 [1 1]
 [1 1]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

(4) Construct a '''diagonal array''', a (usually square) array in which all entries are 0, except on the main diagonal:

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.diag(arg, k=0)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.diag.html" class="https">Reference</a>

arg (1-dim array):
   The entries of the diagonal.
k (int, optional):
   The diagonal in question. Use k > 0 for diagonals above the main diagonal, and k < 0 for diagonals below the main diagonal. 


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> numpy.diag([1, 2, 3])
[[1 0 0]
 [0 2 0]
 [0 0 3]]

>>> numpy.diag([1, 2, 3], k=1)
[[0 1 0 0]
 [0 0 2 0]
 [0 0 0 3]
 [0 0 0 0]]

>>> numpy.diag([1, 2, 3], k=-1)
[[0 0 0 0]
 [1 0 0 0]
 [0 2 0 0]
 [0 0 3 0]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5FFE5; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #009900; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Sparse</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5FFE5; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">scipy.sparse.diags(diagonals, offsets=0, dtype=None)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.diags.html" class="https">Reference</a>

diagonals (sequence of arrays):
   The entries of the matrix diagonals.
offsets (sequence of ints or int, optional):
   The diagonals in question. k = 0 is the main diagonal; k > 0 is the k-th upper diagonal; k < 0 is the k-th lower diagonal
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> scipy.sparse.diags([1, 2, 3])
[[1.0 0.0 0.0]
 [0.0 2.0 0.0]
 [0.0 0.0 3.0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.diags([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], offsets=[0, 1])
[[1.0 4.0 0.0]
 [0.0 2.0 5.0]
 [0.0 0.0 3.0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).
</pre>
</div>
}}}


(5) Construct an '''identity array''', a square array in which all entries on the main diagonal are 1 and all other entries are 0:

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.identity(n, dtype=float)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.identity.html" class="https">Reference</a>

n (int):
   The dimension of the array to create (the output is a n x n array).
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> numpy.identity(3)
[[1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]

>>> numpy.identity(3, dtype=int)
[[1, 0, 0]
 [0, 1, 0]
 [0, 0, 1]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5FFE5; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #009900; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Sparse</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5FFE5; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">scipy.sparse.identity(n, dtype=float, format="csr")</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.identity.html" class="https">Reference</a>

n (int):
   The dimension of the array to create.
dtype (str, optional):
   The type of the entries in the matrix ('integer', 'float', 'string', etc.).
format (str, optional)
   The sparse format of the array, e.g. "csr" or "csc".


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> scipy.sparse.identity(3)
[[1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]
 [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.identity(3, dtype=int)
[[1, 0, 0]
 [0, 1, 0]
 [0, 0, 1]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).
</pre>
</div>
}}}

(6) Construct an '''triangular array''', a square array in which all entries below (upper triangle) or above (lower triangle) the main diagonal are zero:

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.triu(arg, k=0)</span>  # Zero entries in the upper triangle of an array.  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.triu.html" class="https">Reference</a>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.tril(arg, k=0)</span>  # Zero entries in the lower triangle of an array.  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.tril.html" class="https">Reference</a>

arg (array):
   The original array.
k (int, optional):
   Diagonal above which to zero entries. k = 0 is the main diagonal, k < 0 is below it and k > 0 is above.


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> numpy.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 5 6]
 [0 0 9]]

>>> numpy.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=1)
[[0 2 3]
 [0 0 6]
 [0 0 0]]

>>> numpy.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 0 0]
 [4 5 0]
 [7 8 9]]

>>> numpy.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=-1)
[[0 0 0]
 [4 0 0]
 [7 8 0]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5FFE5; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #009900; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Sparse</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5FFE5; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">scipy.sparse.triu(arg, k=0, format="csr")</span>  # Zero entries in the upper triangle of an array.  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.triu.html" class="https">Reference</a>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">scipy.sparse.tril(arg, k=0, format="csr")</span>  # Zero entries in the lower triangle of an array.  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.tril.html" class="https">Reference</a>

arg (array):
   The original array.
k (int, optional):
   Diagonal above which to zero entries. k = 0 is the main diagonal, k < 0 is below it and k > 0 is above.
format (str, optional)
   The sparse format of the array, e.g. "csr" or "csc".


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> scipy.sparse.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 2 3]
 [0 5 6]
 [0 0 9]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.triu([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=1)
[[0 2 3]
 [0 0 6]
 [0 0 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1 0 0]
 [4 5 0]
 [7 8 9]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).

>>> scipy.sparse.tril([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], k=-1)
[[0 0 0]
 [4 0 0]
 [7 8 0]]  # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).
</pre>
</div>
}}}

------
-Line 13:
+Line 455:
-TODO (Hannah): crazy element access magic, single elements, entire rows, sub-matrices
+TODO: crazy element access magic, single elements, entire rows, sub-matrices

------
-Line 17:
+Line 461:
-TODO (Raghu): examples of dot product (dense * dense, dense * sparse, sparse * sparse), usage of both matrix.dot() and * (and how it behaves in different contexts), constant factor adding / multiplication

TODO (Claudius): Element-wise operations like taking log, sqrt. Multiplying two m*n matrices element-wise (for example, to square the entries in a matrix etc...)

== Row- or column-wise operations ==

TODO (Claudius): summing of rows or columns, sorting rows / columns etc
+=== Adding a constant ===
The addition of a constant adds the constant to every element of a matrix (only available for dense matrices).

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.tril(arg, k=0)</span>  # Zero entries in the lower triangle of an array.  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.tril.html" class="https">Reference</a>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">A + c</span>

A (matrix or array):
   The matrix/array.
c (constant):
   The constant.

<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> A = np.matrix([[2, 1], [3, 5]], dtype=float)
>>> A + 4
[[6 5]
 [7 9]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

=== Multiplying by a constant ===
Multiplying by a constant multiplies every element of a matrix by that constant (both for sparse and dense matrices).
{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5E5FF; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #7F7FFF; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Dense</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5E5FF; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">A * c</span>

A (matrix or array):
   The matrix/array.
c (constant):
   The constant.

<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> A = np.matrix([[2, 1], [3, 5]], dtype=float)
>>> A * 4
[[8 4]
 [12 20]]
</pre>
</div>
}}}

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #E5FFE5; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #009900; padding: 2pt 5pt; float: right;">Sparse</span>
<pre style="background-color: #E5FFE5; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">A * c</span>

A (sparse matrix):
   The matrix.
c (constant):
   The constant.

<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> A = csr_matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1], [3, 2]], dtype=float)
>>> A * 4
[[4 0]
 [0 4]
 [12 8]] # (transformed to a dense matrix for visualization).
</pre>
</div>
}}}


=== Multiplying two matrices ===

There are two options on multiplying two matrices: the '''*''' operator and the '''dot()''' function. The behavior and result of both options differ depending on the type of the used matrices (resp. arrays):

(1) The '''*''' operator computes 
 * the '''normal''' matrix multiplication when '''sparse''' and/or '''dense matrices''' are used.
 * the '''element-wise''' matrix multiplication when '''dense arrays''' are used.
(2) The '''dot()''' function computes
 * the normal matrix multiplication when a '''dense matrix''' is multiplied with a '''dense matrix''' or a '''sparse matrix''' is multiplied with a '''sparse matrix''' or a '''dense matrix''';
 * bullshit when a '''dense matrix''' is multiplied with a '''sparse matrix'''.

The result of a matrix multiplication between
 * a sparse matrix and a sparse matrix is a '''sparse matrix'''.
 * a sparse matrix and a dense matrix is a '''dense matrix'''.
 * a dense matrix and a dense matrix is a '''dense matrix'''.

{{{#!html
<div style="background-color: #EEEEEE; padding: 5pt; border: 1pt solid #AEBDCC; margin: 0pt 0pt 25pt 0pt;">
<pre style="background-color: #EEEEEE; border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">A * B</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">A.dot(B)</span>   <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.dot.html" class="https">Reference</a>

A (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The first matrix/array.
B (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The second matrix/array.


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> A = numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> M1_sparse = csr_matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1], [3, 2]], dtype=float)
>>> M1_dense = A_sparse.todense()
>>> M2_dense = numpy.matrix([[2, 1], [3, 4]], dtype=float)
>>> M2_sparse = csr_matrix(B_dense)


<span style="font-weight: bold;">## Dense array with dense array.</span>
>>> A * A  # <span style="font-weight: bold;">no normal</span>, but <span style="font-weight: bold;">element-wise</span> matrix multiplication.
[[ 1  4]
 [ 9 16]]

>>> A.dot(A)  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[ 7 10]
 [15 22]]


<span style="font-weight: bold;">## Dense matrix with dense matrix.</span>
>>> M1_dense * M2_dense  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">dense</span> matrix

>>> M1_dense.dot(M2_dense)  # same as M1_dense * M2_dense
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">dense</span> matrix


<span style="font-weight: bold;">## Sparse matrix with sparse matrix.</span>
>>> X = M1_sparse * M2_sparse  # normal matrix multiplication.
>>> X.todense()  
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">sparse</span> matrix.

>>> X = M1_sparse.dot(M2_sparse)  # same as M1_sparse * M2_sparse
>>> X.todense()  
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">sparse</span> matrix.


<span style="font-weight: bold;">## Sparse matrix with dense matrix.</span>
>>> M1_sparse * M2_dense  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">dense</span> matrix.

>>> M1_sparse.dot(M2_dense)  #  same as M1_sparse * M2_dense
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">dense</span> matrix.


<span style="font-weight: bold;">## Dense matrix with sparse matrix.</span>
>>> M1_dense * M2_sparse  # normal matrix multiplication.
[[  2.,   1.],
 [  3.,   4.],
 [ 12.,  11.]]  # result is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">dense</span> matrix.

>>> M1_dense.dot(M2_sparse)  # computes M1_dense.dot(np.array(M2_sparse)) 
matrix([[ &lt;2x2 sparse matrix of type '&lt;class 'numpy.float64'&gt;'
  with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format&gt,
         &lt;2x2 sparse matrix of type '&lt;class 'numpy.float64'&gt'
  with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format&gt],
        [ &lt;2x2 sparse matrix of type '&lt;class 'numpy.float64'&gt'
  with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format&gt,
         &lt;2x2 sparse matrix of type '&lt;class 'numpy.float64'&gt'
  with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format&gt],
        [ &lt;2x2 sparse matrix of type '&lt;class 'numpy.float64'&gt'
  with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format&gt,
         &lt;2x2 sparse matrix of type '&lt;class 'numpy.float64'&gt'
  with 4 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format&gt]], dtype=object)
</pre>
</div>
}}}

------
-Line 27:
+Line 644:
-TODO (Natalie): numpy.where, numpy.argsort, numpy.min, numpy.argmin, numpy.round (useful for tests), ...
== Special matrices ==

=== Diagonal matrix ===

Matrix (usually square) in which all entries are zero, except on the main diagonal. Use [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.10.0/reference/generated/numpy.diag.html | numpy.diag]] to either create a diagonal matrix from a givin main diagonal, or extract the diagonal matrix from a given matrix.

{{{
>>> numpy.diag([1,2,3])
array([[1, 0, 0],
       [0, 2, 0],
       [0, 0, 3]])
}}}
{{{
>>> numpy.diag([[1, 5, 4],
                [7, 2, 4],
                [4, 7, 3]])
array([1, 2, 3])
}}}

For a sparse matrix, use [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.spdiags.html#scipy.sparse.spdiags|scipy.spare.spdiags]]

=== Identity matrix ===

Special diagonal ''m''*''m'' matrix where all elements on the main diagonal are 1. Sometimes denoted as '''1'''. Read as the '1' of matrix world. For example, a ''n''*''m'' matrix ''A'' multiplied with an ''m''*''m'' identity matrix yields ''A'' again. Use [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.identity.html|numpy.identity(k)]] to create a ''k''*''k'' identity matrix.

{{{
>>> numpy.identity(4)
array([[ 1.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  1.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  1.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  1.]])
}}}

{{{
>>> numpy.array([[1, 2, 3],
                 [3, 4, 3]]).dot(numpy.identity(3))
array([[ 1.,  2.,  3.],
       [ 3.,  4.,  3.]])
}}}

For a sparse matrix, use [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.identity.html|scipy.sparse.identity]]

=== Triangular matrix ===

A (square) matrix where all elements below (upper triangle) or above (lower triangle) the main diagonal are zero. 
{{{numpy.triu}}} creates the upper ({{{u}}}), {{{numpy.triu}}} the lower ({{{l}}}) triangular matrix from a given matrix.

{{{
>>> numpy.triu([[1, 5, 4],
                [7, 2, 4],
                [4, 7, 3]])
array([[1, 5, 4],
       [0, 2, 4],
       [0, 0, 3]])
}}}


{{{
>>> numpy.tril([[1, 5, 4],
                [7, 2, 4],
                [4, 7, 3]])
array([[1, 0, 0],
       [7, 2, 0],
       [4, 7, 3]])
}}}

For a sparse matrix, use [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.triu.html|scipy.sparse.triu]] and [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.tril.html|scipy.sparse.tril]]


== Matrix decomposition ==

=== Singular Value Decompostion (SVD) ===

Factorize a matrix ''A'' (''m''*''n'') into three matrices ''U'' (''m'' * ''r''), ''S'' (''r'' * ''r'') and ''V'' (''r'' * ''n'') such that ''A'' = ''U'' * ''S'' * ''V''. Here ''r'' is the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_(linear_algebra)| rank]] of ''A''.

Use [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.linalg.svd.html|numpy.linalg.svd]] to do a singular value decomposition for a dense matrix. Use [[https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.sparse.linalg.svds.html|scipy.sparse.linalg.svds]] for sparse matrices (computes the largest ''k'' singular values for a sparse matrix).

{{{
>>> Uk, Sk, Vk = svds(csr_matrix([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5], [5, 6, 4]], dtype=float), 2)
>>> print("Uk:\n", Uk, "\nSk:\n", Sk, "\nVk:\n", Vk)
U:
 [[ 0.56475636 -0.30288472]
 [ 0.51457155 -0.59799935]
 [-0.64518709 -0.74206309]] 
S:
 [  2.13530566  11.67829513] 
V:
 [[-0.52332762 -0.32001209  0.78975975]
 [-0.49726421 -0.63794803 -0.58800563]]
}}}
+=== numpy.round() ===
Takes an array or matrix and rounds its values to the given number of decimals. Note that for values exactly halfway between rounded decimal values, numpy rounds to the nearest even value. 

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<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.round(A, decimals)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.round_.html" class="https">Reference</a>

A (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The matrix/array.
decimal (int, optional):
   Number of decimal places to round to (default: 0).


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> A_dense = np.array([[1.11, 2.22, 3.33], [4.44, 5.55, 6.66]])
>>> A_sparse = scipy.sparse.csr_matrix(A_dense)

>>> np.round(A_dense)
[[1. 2. 3.]
 [4. 6. 7.]]

>>> np.round(A_dense, 1)
[[1.1 2.2 3.3]
 [4.4 5.6 6.7]]

>>> np.round(A_sparse, 1)
(0, 0)	1.1
(0, 1)	2.2
(0, 2)	3.3
(1, 0)	4.4
(1, 1)	5.6
(1, 2)	6.7

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=== numpy.min() ===
Takes an array and returns its minimum value. If an axis is specified, returns the minima along the axis. 

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<span style="font-weight: bold;">numpy.min(A, axis)</span>  <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.amin.html" class="https">Reference</a>

A (dense matrix or sparse matrix):
   The matrix/array.
axis (int or tuple of ints, optional):
   Axis or axes along which to operate. By default, flattened input is used.


<span style="font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span>

>>> A_dense = np.array([[5, 0, 1], [4, 3, 2]])
>>> A_sparse = scipy.sparse.csr_matrix(A_dense)

>>> np.min(A_dense)
0

>>> np.min(A_dense, axis=0)
[4, 0, 1]

>>> np.min(A_dense, axis=1)
[0, 2]

>>> np.min(A_sparse, axis=1)
(1, 0)	2

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}}}